Lung Cancer - European Journal of Clinical Oncology

European Journal of Clinical Oncology

Uncontrolled cell division in your lungs is what causes lung cancer. It is a normal part of your cells' function to divide and create more copies of them. But occasionally, they undergo changes (mutations) that lead them to continue producing more of themselves when they shouldn't. Your organs eventually develop tumors from damaged cells that continue to divide uncontrollably and form tissue masses.

The term "lung cancer" refers to cancers that begin in your lungs, most commonly in the bronchi or bronchioles, or small air sacs (alveoli). It's customary to refer to cancers that originate elsewhere and spread to your lungs by their original location (your healthcare provider might use the term "cancer that is metastatic to your lungs" instead). 

TYPES OF LUNG CANCER 

Although there are numerous cancers that affect the lungs, the terms "small cell lung cancer" and "non-small cell lung cancer" are the two most common.

Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC)

The most prevalent form of lung cancer is Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC). More than 80% of cases of lung cancer are caused by it. Squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma are common varieties. Two less frequent varieties of NSCLC are adenosquamous carcinoma and sarcomatoid carcinoma.

Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC)

Compared to NSCLC, Small Cell Lung Cancer (SCLC) spreads more quickly and is more challenging to treat. A relatively small lung tumor that has already spread to other parts of your body is how it is frequently discovered. Small cell carcinoma, also known as oat cell carcinoma, and combined small cell carcinoma are two particular subtypes of SCLC.

Various Lung Cancers of Different Types

Other cancers, such as lymphomas (cancer in your lymph nodes), sarcomas (cancer in your bones or soft tissue), and pleural mesothelioma, can begin in or near your lungs (cancer in the lining of your lungs). These are not typically referred to as lung cancer and are treated differently.

STAGES OF LUNG CANCER

The size of the initial tumor, how deeply it penetrates the surrounding tissue, and whether it has spread to the lymph nodes or other organs are the main factors used to stage cancer. There are specific staging recommendations for each type of cancer.

Staging

There are a number of possible size and spread combinations for each stage. For instance, a Stage III cancer may have a smaller primary tumor than a Stage II cancer, but other factors may have advanced cancer to a more serious stage. The general lung cancer staging is as follows:

  • Stage 0 (in-situ): The top layer of the lung or bronchus has cancer. It hasn't spread to the outside or to other lung tissue.
  • Stage I: Cancer has not left the lung.
  • Stage II: Cancer that is larger than Stage I, has spread to internal lymph nodes, or has multiple tumors in the same lung lobe.
  • Stage III: describes cancer that is more advanced than Stage II, has spread to nearby lymph nodes or structures, or has multiple tumors in distinct lobes of the same lung.
  • Stage IV: The other lung, surrounding fluid, the heart, or other distant organs have all been affected by cancer.

SYMPTOMS

  • A persistent cough that gets worse over time.
  • Shortness of breath or breathing difficulties (dyspnea).
  • Chest discomfort or pain.
  • Wheezing.
  • Exhaling blood (hemoptysis).
  • Hoarseness.
  • Decrease in appetite.
  • Unaccounted-for weight loss
  • Unfounded fatigue (tiredness).
  • Shoulders hurt.
  • Face, neck, arms, or upper chest swelling (superior vena cava syndrome).

Horner's syndrome is characterized by a small pupil and drooping eyelid in one eye, as well as little to no facial perspiration on that side.

DIAGNOSIS

  • Chest X-ray
  • CT scan
  • Blood tests
  • Biopsy
  • Molecular tests

TREATMENT

  • Radiation therapy
  • Chemotherapy
  • Targeted drug therapy
  • Immunotherapy


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